UW Cardiovascular Pathology Training Program
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SCHWARTZ LAB

Steve's Phone Numbers:   office 206 543 0258  cell 206 579 7635  home 206 325 3955

Steve's email: steves@u.washington.edu  Assistant's email (more reliable): jparedes@u.washington.edu

Steve's personal website: www.vasculata.com

CURRICULUM VITAE

Stephen M. Schwartz, M.D., Ph.D.

Dr. Schwartz is currently Professor of Pathology and Director of the Cardiovascular Pathology Training Program

Over the long term, Dr. Schwartz has devoted his career to vascular biology.  Along with a small group of colleagues, he pioneered this new field in the 1970s.  Later he went on to organize the First Gordon Conference on Vascular Biology, the first molecular vascular biology meeting, and the IXth International Vascular Biology Meeting.  In 1993 he founded the North American Vascular Biology Organization along with Michael Gimbrone.

Dr. Schwartz’s research efforts over this time have covered a wide scope of vascular biology.  His original work, as a Ph.D. student with Earl Benditt, described the ultrastructural basis of arterial permeability and response to injury.  The latter work, continued in collaboration with Alec Clowes and Michael Reidy, pioneered the “3-wave model” of vascular response to angioplasty.  This model is the basis for most current work on restenosis in cardiology and vascular surgery.

Recent efforts of Dr. Schwartz's laboratory have been focused on smooth muscle lineages. 

The laboratory has shown that smooth muscle cells belong to distinct lineages or subsets.  Unique properties of these subsets may account for monoclonality of atherosclerotic lesions and for the special properties of the arterial intima that contribute to progression of atherosclerosis. 

The lab’s efforts have included identification of subset unique gene products by comparative hybridization and array display.  These have included c-FLIP – a gene implicated in regulation of plaque death, osteopontin – a gene implicated in plaque calcification, elastin – a gene implicated in neural crest origin and RGS-5, an arterial gene likely to be critical to control of mass in hypertension.

Current projects include:  1) Clonal variation in lineage-specific genes by smooth muscle cells from blood vessels;  2) Role of cell adhesion molecules in plaque contraction;  3) Identification of lineage-specific genes by rapid sequencing;  4) Role of apoptosis in vascular remodeling;  5) Development of a model for advanced atherosclerosis.

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth:                                   January 1, 1942, Boston, Massachusetts

Family:                                             Wife:  Barbara Rae Schwartz

                                                       Daughter:  Havivah Devora (born 1973)

                                                            Graduate Student, French Literature

                                                            University of Pennsylvania

                                                       Son:  Hillel Tsvi (born 1974)

                                                            Graduate Student, Molecular Genetics

                                                            Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Home Address:                                934 - 21st Avenue East

                                                       Seattle, Washington  98112

Office Address:                                Department of Pathology

                                                       University of Washington

                                                       Vascular Biology/Box 357335

                                                       Seattle, WA  98195-7335

Office Phone:                                   (206) 543-0258

FAX:                                               (206) 543-5657

E-mail:                                             STEVES@U.WASHINGTON.EDU

                                                       STEVESM@VASCULATA.COM

Websites:                                         http://www.pathology.washington.edu/labs/schwartz/

                                                       http://members.tripod.com/SMSchwartz/

EDUCATION

Boston Public Latin School

Harvard College, B.A. in Biology, 1963 (under K.R. Porter‑-Chromatolysis)

Boston University School of Medicine, M.D., 1967  (under A. Cohen --
Rheumatoid Nodule, Vasculitis)

Harvard Medical School, 1967, senior fellowship  (under G. Majno -- Vascular Injury)

University of Washington, Ph.D. in Experimental Pathology, 1973  (under Earl Benditt --Endothelial Function)

University of Goteborg, M.D. (Honorary), 1989

CLINICAL POSTGRADUATE TRAINING

Residency and Postdoctoral Training:  Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1973.

OUTSIDE INTERESTS

Photography:  Dr. Schwartz has taught masters classes at Orange Coast College,
UCLA, and Infinity Gallery (Seattle, WA).

Boating:  Dr. Schwartz has worked on and owned cruising boats for 30 years.

History of Judaism and Christianity

RESEARCH (Major findings and period of study in italics.  Fellows marked by * now hold major positions in academia or industry)

Endothelial Structure Function  (Identification of permeability pathways across aortic endothelium [1973]; Cell kinetics of the vessel wall [1975])

Dr. Schwartz's interest in blood vessels began at Harvard College, where he was introduced to electron microscopy and cell biology by Dr. Keith Porter.  Using these methods, Dr. Schwartz began studying vascular responses to injury under Dr. Guido Majno.  After medical school, Dr. Schwartz undertook a Ph.D. thesis with Dr. Earl Benditt.  This work at Harvard Medical School included ultrastructural studies of aortic endothelial permeability pathways.  Because the permeability studies implied focal areas of cell death in the endothelium, Dr. Schwartz developed cell kinetic methods later widely used by his lab and others to study responses of vessels to injury.

Endothelial Growth Control (Identification of v-cadherin, a cell-cell adhesion molecule in endothelial cells [1990]; First demonstration of apoptosis in the vessel wall [1984, 1985]) 
After Dr. Schwartz's own doctoral work and a sojourn in the U.S. Navy, he returned to the University of Washington and continued to study endothelial integrity.  Fellows involved in these studies included Drs. Linda Bavisotto, Goran Hansson*, and Ronald Heimark*, among others. 

The work on endothelial cells with Dr. Hansson* was probably the first study of apoptosis in the vessel wall. 

These in vivo studies progressed to studies of how endothelium is organized in vitro.  Dr. Heimark* was the first to demonstrate contact inhibition in cultured endothelium.  Dr. Bavisotto discovered that FGF stimulated loss of the contact inhibition and disappearance of the cell-cell adhesion activity.  This led to an attempt to relate contact inhibition of growth to stimulation of growth by FGF.  The obvious focus of interest was on the cell junction.  Drs. Heimark* and Schwartz developed methods for selective mapping of endothelial membrane proteins.  They found that membrane preparations from these cells have the ability to mimic contact inhibition of movement and replication.  One of these proteins had the properties of a vascular cadherin.  Continuing this work after leaving the lab, Dr. Heimark* continued with Dr. Suzuki et al. to identify cadherin V, a protein controlling endothelial cell-cell adhesion.

Pharmacology of Smooth Muscle Replication (Development of cell kinetic “three-wave model” fo rvascular injury [1978, 1981, 1984]; Identification of polyploidy in hypertensive smooth muscle [1981])
The interest in cell kinetics led to studies of smooth muscle replication, involving a number of fellows, including Drs. Michael Reidy*, Gary Owens*, Mark Majesky*, Mat Daemen*, and Denis deBlois*.  This has also been a major area of collaboration with the laboratories of Dr. Alexander Clowes and Dr. Reidy*.  An early fellow in the lab, Dr. Owens*, identified polyploid replication as a response of vascular smooth muscle to hypertension.  Dr. Owens' discovery ignited what is now more than 10 years of interest by many labs in the pharmacology of smooth muscle replication as a factor in hypertension.  Since only a subset of arterial smooth muscle cells become polyploid, the observation was also the basis for experiments by later fellows leading to much of the work on smooth muscle diversity described below.

Other fellows in the lab have used pharmacologic tools to define the mechanisms controlling gene expression by intimal cells.  Dr. Majesky*, using Dr. Schwartz's cell kinetic methods, was the first person to map the patterns of gene expression following balloon injury in vivo.  Dr. Daemen, with Dr. Schwartz, showed that angiotensin and the -adrenergic system control smooth muscle responses in vivo, but that these effects were very different for normal medial smooth muscle vs. the smooth muscle cells that comprise the neointima formed after injury.  A graduate student in the laboratory, Dr. Joseph Su extended this work.  We can now define in vivo a pathway from angiotensin II to smooth muscle replication via -adrenergic receptors or via FGF, depending on the vessel bed.

Smooth Muscle Developmental Biology (Identification of first endothelial cellsforming aorta in mouse embryo [1991])
The interest in smooth muscle subsets led Dr. Schwartz to begin explorations of vascular developmental biology.  Dr. Schwartz and Dr. Douglas Coffin published the first studies of the early embryogenesis of endothelium in a mammal.  Dr. Jeanette Thayer, a more recent fellow, worked with Dr. Schwartz and Dr. Cecilia Giachelli* to define the early role of pup-intimal genes in organizing blood vessels.  She has found that osteopontin is a very early notochord gene.  Osteopontin is also expressed elsewhere in the embryo where new layers of smooth muscle are being formed.  The notochord observation may place osteopontin as a very early organizer of cell layers since osteopontin is the only adhesive molecule identified with specific localization to the early notochord.

Smooth Muscle Diversity (Identification of smooth muscle subsets [1989, 1990, 1993]; First use of cloning in vascular biology;  Identification of subset-specific genes)
This initial interest in endothelium gradually moved over to smooth muscle cells.  Principal fellows in this area included Drs. Majesky*, Giachelli*, Corinne Gajdusek, Joan Lemire, Martin Bennett* and other collaborators and graduate students.  Drs. Gajdusek and Schwartz isolated growth factors for smooth muscle cells from endothelial cells.  Endothelial cell-derived growth factor activity includes PDGF as well as other, as yet unidentified, mitogens.  Endothelial cells, however, are not the only vessel wall cells able to make mitogens.  The lab also showed that cells from two-week-old rat pups, but not adult smooth muscle cells, also produce PDGF;  in this case as the sole mitogen.  This suggested that mitogen production may be under developmental control.

In fact, the pup cells, but not the adult cells, express PDGF-B.  The lab set out, therefore, to characterize other molecular differences as possible lineage markers for two different kinds of smooth muscle.  Dr. Giachelli*, working with Drs. Majesky* and Schwartz, identified a series of genes, called "Pup-Intimal" genes (or "" genes).  Expression of genes is typical of smooth muscle from neointimal vascular tissue as well as from pup.  These genes are found at low levels or not found in smooth muscle from adult animals.  Mr. Han van Neck, a graduate student, looked at the role of determination genes in controlling differences between pup and adult cells and showed that the difference between pup and adult smooth muscle cells was reflected in their distinct responses to the muscle lineage gene MyoD1.  Another postdoctoral fellow, Dr. Lemire, showed that clones could be isolated from the vessel wall with or properties, the latter distinctive cells derived from "Medial-Unmanipulated" vessel wall.  At this point it is clear that in vitro smooth muscle cells contain at least two subpopulations.  Subpopulations, however, are only of interest if they have distinct functions in vivo.  Genes cloned on the basis of belonging to the phenotype in vitro also appear to mark the intimal phenotype seen in atherosclerosis and in the neointima that appears after injury.

Continuing in this line, Dr. Giachelli* has cloned other pup-intimal genes and has shown that these may play a critical role in the vascular response to injury.  One of these genes, osteopontin, plays intriguing roles in migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells and is a major focus of this lab.  As already noted, we now have an extensive effort focused on the biology of osteopontin including embryology and function.  As part of this effort we identified the receptors for osteopontin.  One of these, integrin v3, may play a key role in smooth muscle and endothelial migration after injury.

The integrin work progressed under a graduate student, Karen Yee, and postdoctoral fellow Yuji Ikari*.  They identified the integrins responsible for fibrin-mediated gel contraction.  Dr. Ikari identified the serum proteins responsible for cell spreading.  To our surprise these did not include vitronectin but consisted of three antiproteases.  Current efforts are directed at identification of the protease.

Studies of Atherosclerotic Plaque (First identification of tissue factor in plaque [1989]; First studies of apoptosis in plaque [1995]; Cloning of c-FLIP [1997])

In the 1990’s the lab became more focused on human disease.  This began with a sabbatical at Genentech which produced the first in situ hybridization studies of human plaque.  The most important data showed tissue factor in plaque.  This work was done in the laboratory of Rik Derynck with a fellow of Dr. Derynck’s, Cy Wilcox*.  Later efforts to work on death in plaque included the first studies of plaque apoptosis with Martin Bennett* and cloning the c-FLIP with David Han.

Kinetics and Clonality in Humans (Identification of clonal populations in the atherosclerotic plaque [1985, 1986]; First use of arrays to study blood vessels [1999]; Identification of signatures for specific arteries [2000])
Dr. Schwartz's interests have gradually moved into human studies.  Fellows and colleagues critical to this effort have included Drs. Giachelli*, David Gordon*, Edward O'Brien*, and Charles Murry*.  Dr. Gordon* was the first person to validate a cell kinetic method in the human vessel wall and to show, with Dr. Schwartz, that replication at best is a small part of the advanced atherosclerotic lesion.  Dr. O'Brien* extended the application of these methods to show that restenosis in humans is probably not due to smooth muscle replication.  This has led to new studies of mechanisms of remodeling and the role of intimal cells in this process. 

Dr. Schwartz revisited an old issue in an effort to look at the atherosclerotic lesion from a different point of view.  Dr. Murry*, working with other fellows in the group, has developed a set of methods that allow the application of several molecular biologic methods to tissues on slides.  One of these methods has allowed Dr. Murry to microdissect slides, demonstrate that plaques are indeed monoclonal, and identify the monoclonal cell -- the smooth muscle cell of the plaque cap.  Dr. Murry's demonstration of monoclonality confirms earlier work by Dr. Schwartz's mentor, Dr. Benditt, and opens up a new area of research -- the attempt to identify the genetic basis for monoclonality.  Efforts in the latter direction are beginning to bear fruit.  Another fellow, Dr. Bennett*, has shown an apoptotic mechanism that is unique to the plaque-derived smooth muscle cell.  Current cloning efforts in the lab are directed at identifying new genes that are specific for human smooth muscle subsets.  Ongoing efforts in collaboration with Drs. Joseph Miano and Eric Olson have identified homeobox genes, Hox B7 and C9, as distinctive to certain smooth muscle subsets.

Along with a postdoctoral fellow, Dr. Larry Adams, Dr. Schwartz developed ways to use expression arrays in the vessel wall.  This led to identification of expression sets specific for different arteries as well as sets specific for different layers of the arterial wall and the atherosclerotic plaque.  One gene that marks arteries as a clone is a member of the RGS family, implicating RGS transcription and G-protein signaling in pressure responses of arteries.

Advanced Mouse Lesions (First demonstration of atherosclerotic lesions with progression and scarring [2000])

Most recently the laboratory has published data on atherosclerotic mice, providing the first model for the terminal lesion of atherosclerosis by identifying a site that shows advanced features similar to those in man.

REVIEW PANELS

Basic Science Review Board, Veterans Administration, 1979-1982

NIH Hypertension SCOR Review Panel, 1979

American Heart Association Project Review Committee, 1980-1981

NHLBI Project Review Committee B, 1982-1985

Committee on Prize for Young Investigators, American Heart Association, 1984

American Type Culture Collection Committee, 1982

NHLBI Centers of Excellence Committee, 1988

NHLBI Manpower Committee (1989- )

Chair, NHLBI Minority Recruitment Committee, 1993.

PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES

American Society for Investigative Pathology, 1977-

American Society for Cell Biology, 1978-

American Heart Association (Atherosclerosis) Scientific Council, 1977-

North American Vascular Biology Organization, 1993-

HONORS, AWARDS, MEETING CHAIRMANSHIPS

Alpha Omega Alpha, 1966

American Heart Association Established Investigatorship, 1977-1982

Candlelight Lecturer, European Artery Club, Hindasgaden, 1982;  Venice, 1992

President, Blood Vessel Club, 1982-

Chairman, Molecular Biology of the Vessel Wall meeting, 1983

Pluto Club (Association of Academic Pathologists), 1984-

Chair, Atherosclerosis Gordon Conference, 1987

Founding Chair (with Paul DiCorleto) of Vascular Biology Gordon Conference, 1988

M.D. (honorary, Sahlgrenska, Sweden, 1989)

Fellow, Japan Society for Promotion of Science, 1990

Co-founder (with Dr. Michael Gimbrone), North American Vascular Biology Organization, 1993

Dutch Federation Prize (Federatie van Medisch Wetenschappelijke Verenigingen in Nederland -FEDERA)  Annual Dutch Prize for outstanding biomedical research.  September 23, 1993, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

First Kerckhoff lecturer, Max Planck Institute, Bad Nauheim, Germany, 1993

Schlomo Eisenberg Memorial Lecturer, European Atherosclerosis Society, European Atherosclerosis Society, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 1995

President, North American Vascular Biology Organization, 1995

Chair, International Vascular Biology Meeting, 1996

Fellow, AHA Council for High Blood Pressure Research, 1997

MILITARY SERVICE

United States Naval Reserve, active reserve, 1968-1973
Assistant Director of Laboratories, Naval Regional Medical Center, Long Beach, California
Active Duty, LCDR Medical Corps, United States Naval Reserve, 1973-1974

EDITORIAL BOARDS

American Journal of Pathology

Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology

Atherosclerosis

Biochemical Journal (2001-present)

Circulation Research

Circulation

Hypertension

Journal of Clinical Investigation

Journal of Microvascular Research

Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology (2000-present)

Science (1986-1988)

Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Associate Editor (1999-present)

Vascular Medicine

Editor, Cellforum (electronic forum for cell and molecular biology; sponsored by the American Assoc. of Pathologists and the American Society of Cell Biologists, 1984-1989)

Sysop, Medsig Scientific Medicine Forum, Compuserve, 1991 - 1996

PROFESSIONAL APPOINTMENTS

Postdoctoral Trainee, 1968-1973, Department of Pathology, University of Washington

Assistant Director of Laboratories, Long Beach Naval Medical Center, United States Navy Medical Corps

Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology, University of Washington, 1973-1979

Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, University of Washington, 1979-1984

Professor, Department of Pathology, University of Washington, 1984-present

Adjunct Professor of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 1985-present

Adjunct Professor of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of WA, 1993-present

CONSULTING ACTIVITIES

Dr. Schwartz has been employed by Asahi Pharmaceuticals, Biogen, Cardiovascular Therapeutics, Daiichi Pharmaceuticals, Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, Centocor, COR Therapeutics, Parke Davis, Bristol-Meyers, Hoffman-LaRoche, Eli Lilly, Marion Merril Dow, Sandoz, Astra, Biogen, Centocor and Genentech as a vascular biology consultant.  He currently serves as permanent consultant to the Berlex Corporation.

TEACHING RESPONSIBILITIES

Pathology Coordinator Washington, Alaska, Montana, Idaho Regional Medical Education Program, 1974-1979

Course Chairperson, Pathology Independent Study Program, 1975-1978

Course Chairperson, Pathology, 1979-1981

DEPARTMENTAL ADMINISTRATION

Graduate Program Director in Pathology, 1979-1983;  1991-1993

Curriculum Director in Pathology, 1983-1995

Research Advisor, Residency Program, 1985-1995

Seminar Director, 1999-present

MINORITY AFFAIRS

In 1993, Dr. Schwartz chaired a task force on minority recruitment for the NHLBI whose recommendations were adopted as policy by the NHLBI in 1995.  These include additions to training grants to recruit minority candidates, assignment of responsibilities to institutions hosting training grants to coordinate minority recruitment, development of partnerships between minority schools and research institutions, and efforts by the NHLBI to provide investigators with more information about minority candidates.

RESEARCH ADMINISTRATION/RESEARCH GRANTS

NIH Reaction to Injury Program Project, 1980-present (Stephen Schwartz, Principal Investigator and Program Director):  This is a program of six projects directed to basic mechanisms of vascular developmental biology.  Component investigators include Drs. Michael Reidy, Stephen Hauschka, Mark Bothwell, Helene Sage, Daniel Bowen-Pope, and Cecilia Giachelli.  Dr. Schwartz's project has focused on the unique properties of intimal vs. medial smooth muscle cells in the rat artery following angioplasty.  Drs. Giachelli and Schwartz have cloned two sets of genes, genes and genes, which appear unique to each set of cells.  Current focus is on studying the function and control of expression of these genes.

NIH Cardiovascular Pathology Training Grant, 1978-present (Stephen Schwartz, Principal Investigator and Program Director):  This is a multi-department training program with six predoctoral and 10 postdoctoral fellows.  Thirty faculty members are affiliated with this grant, representing the Departments of Pathology, Medicine, Biochemistry, Biological Structure, Laboratory Medicine, Pharmacology, Physiology and Biophysics, Surgery, and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center.

NIH University of Washington Specialized Center of Research in Atherosclerosis (UW SCOR-A), 1991-1996 (Stephen Schwartz, Principal Investigator and Program Director):  This is a new program devoted to use of human tissues to study ontogeny of atherosclerosis.  All SCORs are required to have a clinical component.  Component investigators include Drs. James McDougall (virology), Cecilia Giachelli (osteopontin), Russell Ross (macrophage),  Jon Tait (annexin), Kazuo Fujikawa (annexin), Samir Deeb (lipoprotein lipase), John Harlan (leukocytes), and Kenneth Kaushansky (adherence receptor promoters).  This SCOR is the first in the nation to have pathology as its clinical component.  Dr. Schwartz's project is directed toward extending the study of smooth muscle cell subtypes to human smooth muscle cells.  Using a variety of methods, his group has now cloned a series of homeobox genes and an integrin that appear to be specific for certain smooth muscle subsets in humans.

NIH Endothelial Injury in Small Vessels, 1978-present (Merit Award)  (Stephen Schwartz, Principal Investigator):  This RO1 grant addresses the pharmacology of smooth muscle replication in response to injury.  This was the founding grant for most of the cell kinetic studies that today underlie modern restenosis research.  Current efforts have extended this effort to the microvascular level.  We now have a discrete model for injury in resistance arteries and believe that this may prove useful in understanding hypertensive hyperplasia.

NIH Collaborative RO1: Cell Survival Pathways in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (Stephen Schwartz, Principal Investigator).  The central hypothesis is that rupture of atherosclerotic plaques is caused in part by loss of normal mechanisms that protect smooth muscle cells from programmed cell death.  In this grant, we will attempt to identify and characterize components of cell survival and cell death pathways in vascular smooth muscle cells with a specific effort at identifying pathways that are likely to prevent plaque rupture.  The Specific Aims are:  (1) To test the hypothesis that cell-death resistant cultured smooth muscle cells possess amplified survival signals, which are essential for maintaining normal integrity of the vessel wall;  (2) To test the hypothesis that smooth muscle cell death in atherosclerotic plaques is caused by aberrant expression of cell survival and cell death machinery;  (3) To develop and characterize a model of in vivo gene transfer to atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid arteries of mice, and to determine whether the inflammation associated with adenoviral arterial gene delivery causes plaque rupture; and,  (4) To test the hypothesis that local overexpression of the Fas/Fas ligand complex is sufficient to cause plaque rupture

NIH RO1 Properties of the Intimal Smooth Muscle Cell (Stephen Schwartz, Principal Investigator).  This is a study of human atherosclerotic tissue.  The overall objective of this proposal is to explore the properties that distinguish plaque smooth muscle cells from normal medial smooth muscle.  This objective grows out of three simple facts:  (1) the intima is defined by the properties of the intimal smooth muscle cell; (2) atherosclerosis is a focal disease of the arterial intima, and (3) the cells of the atherosclerotic lesion comprise a clone.The Specific Aims are:  (1) to determine the time course of monoclonality; (2) to determine whether clonal expansion occurs in vitro; (3) to define intimal-unique genes that mark the plaque smooth muscle cell; (4) to examine the relative role of cell death in expansion of the intima and loss of the media at sites of atherosclerotic progression; and (5) to look for mutations or genetic instability that could confer a proliferative or anti-apoptotic advantage on plaque smooth muscle cells.

Berlex Grant. (Stephen Schwartz, Principal Investigator)  This is an effort at developing systems to identify the role of cell death in progression of the atherosclerotic plaque.

NIH 1 PO1 Genomic and Genetic Approaches to Plaque Rupture (Stephen Schwartz, Principal Investigator).  Project 3: Critical Role of Macrophage Death in Plaque progression (Schwartz) and Core C: Administrative Core (Schwartz) An ongoing program devoted to final events in atherosclerosis, that is rupture of the atherosclerotic plaque.  The hypothesis explored is that macrophage death plays a critical role in progression of the lesion.  To test this hypothesis, we propose a combination of an in vitro assay designed to identify genes controlling macrophage death and an animal model already demonstrated to show spontaneous plaque rupture.  Work done under this program has the potential to identify novel therapeutic approaches to dealing with the progression from existing atherosclerotic lesions to atherosclerotic lesions that become clinically significant.

SUMMARY OF CURRENT GRANT SUPPORT

TRAINING RESPONSIBILITIES

1974 - present:  Director, Pathology Summer Lecture Series.  This is a summer series devoted to experimental pathology at a cellular and molecular level.  Past lecturers have included Morris Karnovsky, Christian de Duve, Keith Porter, Renato Baserga, John Buchanan, Gunter Blobel, Daniel Mazia, Barry Glickman, Anthony Means, Isaiah Fidler, Ralph Bradshaw, Vincent Marchesi, and Joost Oppenheim.

1978 - 1981:  Course Chairman, Human Biology 520.  This is an introductory course for first year Medical School students.

1979 - 1983:  Graduate Program Director, Department of Pathology

1979 - 1983:  Co-Principal Investigator:  Cardiovascular Pathology Training Grant (HL07312).

1983 - present:  Principal Investigator:  Cardiovascular Pathology Training Grant (HL07312).

1983 - present:  Co-Principal Investigator:  Pathobiology Training Grant (GM07187).  Principal Investigator:  Lawrence Loeb.  Drs. Loeb and Schwartz have designed this as an innovative program intended to train M.D.s for research.  The emphasis is on post-M.D. doctoral level training.  Students are encouraged to pursue a second doctorate.

1983 - present:  Departmental Curriculum Chairman.

1987 - 1995:  Chair, Residency Research Committee.

1991 - 1995:  Graduate Program Director, Department of Pathology

TRAINING EXPERIENCE

Dr. Schwartz has been director of a laboratory involved in predoctoral and postdoctoral training since 1977.  His past trainees include:

POSTDOCTORAL (Fellows’ work described in RESEARCH section)

Fellows                                                  Term at UW               Current Status

*Corinne M. Gajdusek, Ph.D.             1979-1981                   Research Assistant Professor,
University of Colorado                                                                VA Medical Center, Seattle, WA

*Michael A. Reidy, Ph.D.                    1978-1979                   Professor of Pathology,
University of Cambridge, UK                                                      Univ. of Washington

Ulrich Delvos, M.D.                             1979-1980                   Director of Clinical
University of Dusseldorf                                                              Research, Boehringer
West Germany                                                                            Mannheim, Germany

*Gary K. Owens, Ph.D.                        1979-1981                   Professor, Physiology,
Penn State University                                                                  Univ. of Virginia

Sandra Harris-Hooker, Ph.D.,             1978-1981                   Asst. Prof., Pathology
Atlanta University                                                                        Atlanta Univ.

*Goran Hansson, M.D., Ph.D.            1981-1983                   Professor, Molecular
Univ. of Karolinska, Sweden                                                       Medicine, Univ. Karolinska

*Ronald L. Heimark, Ph.D.                 1981-1987                   Assistant Professor
Univ. of California, Davis                                                             Univ. of Arizona

David W. Vintner, Ph.D.                      1984-1986                   Asst. Prof., Pathology,
Univ. of Michigan,                                                                       Univ. of Alabama

*Mark W. Majesky, Ph.D.                  1984-1988                   Associate Prof., Pathology
Univ. of Washington                                                                    Baylor College of Medicine

*David Gordon, M.D.                          1985-1986                   Associate Prof., Pathology
Harvard Medical School                                                             Univ. of Michigan

Charles S. Chen, M.D.                         1985-1988                   Asst. Prof., Medicine
SUNY, New York                                                                     Harvard Medical School

Rodney Dilley, Ph.D.                           1986-1987                   Research Staff, Baker Medical
University of Western                                                                  Research Institute,
Australia                                                                                     Melbourne, Australia

Mat J.A.E. Daemen, M.D.                  1987-1988                   Professor and Chair, Pathology,
Univ. of Limburg                                                                         Univ. of Limburg,
The Netherlands                                                                          The Netherlands

*J. Douglas Coffin, Ph.D.                    1989-1990                   Assoc. Prof. of Molecular Genetics
Univ. of New York                                                                     University of Montana
Syracuse, NY                                                                             Missoula, Montana

*Cecilia M. Giachelli, Ph.D.                1988-1991                   Associate Professor, Bioengineering
University of Washington                                                             Univ. of Washington

Hiroshi Okazaki, M.S.                         1989-1991                   Res. Director, Kirin Pharmaceutical
Chiba University, Japan                                                               Research, Tokyo, Japan

John J. Medina, Ph.D.                         1988-1993                   Founding Director and CEO
Washington State Univ.                                                               Talaris Research Institute, Seattle

Denis deBlois, Ph.D.                            1990-1994                   Assistant Professor,
Universite Laval,                                                                         Hotel-Dieu de Montreal
Quebec, Canada                                                                         Montreal, Quebec, Canada

*Charles Murry, M.D., Ph.D.             1990-1994                   Assistant Professor, Dept. of
University of Washington                                                             Pathology, Univ. of Washington

*Edward R. O'Brien, M.D.                  1991-1994                   Assistant Professor, Division of
University of Ottawa                                                                   Cardiology, Univ. of Ottawa Heart
Ontario, Canada                                                                         Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

*Joan Lemire, Ph.D.                            1991-1994                   Acting Instructor
Brown University                                                                        Dept. of Pathology, Univ. of WA

Martin Bennett, M.D., Ph.D.              1993-1995                   Professor, British Heart Foundation
University of Wales                                                                     University of Cambridge, UK
Cardiff, Wales, UK                                                                    

Stephan Regenass, Ph.D.                    1994-1995                   University of Basel,
Univ. of Basel, Switzerland                                                          Switzerland

Junichi Taguchi, M.D.                          1993-1996                   Professor of Cardiology,
Univ. of Tokyo, Japan                                                                 University of Tokyo, Japan

Masaaki Hoshiga, M.D., Ph.D.           1994-1996                   Chair, Cardiology
Osaka Medical College, Japan                                                    Osaka Medical College, Japan

Uriel Malyankar, Ph.D.                       1994-1996                   Scientist, Curagen Corp.
Rutgers University, NJ                                                                 Branford, Connecticut

David Courtman, Ph.D.                        1994-1997                   Asst. Prof. & Director of Research,
Toronto General Hosp.                                                               Cardiovascular & Thoracic Surgery
                                                                                                   St Michael’s Hosp, Univ of Toronto

*Larry Adams, Ph.D.                           1994-present                Postdoctoral Fellow,
Univ. of CA, Irvine                                                                      Pathology, Univ. of WA

Ick-Mo Chung, M.D., Ph.D.                1995-1997                   Assistant Professor of Cardiology,
Yonsei Univ., Seoul, Korea                                                         Ewha Women’s Univ, Seoul, Korea

Hong-Seog Seo                                     1995- 1997                  Associate Professor of Medicine,
Korea Univ. Guro Hosp.                                                             Korea Univ., Seoul, Korea
Seoul, Korea

*David K. M. Han, Ph.D.                    1995-1998                   Assistant Professor
George Washington Univ.                                                            Univ. of Connecticut
                                                                                                   Farmington, CT

Leo Hofstra, M.D.                               1996- 1997                  Cardiologist
Univ. of Limburg                                                                         University of Maastricht Hospital
Maastricht, Netherlands                                                              Maastricht, Netherlands

*Yuji Ikari, M.D.                                  1996- 1999                  Associate Director
Univ. of Tokyo                                                                            Cardiology, Mitsui Memorial Hosp.
                                                                                                   Tokyo, Japan

Takahito Itoh, M.D., Ph.D.                  1996- 1999                  Associate Director
Osaka Univ., Japan                                                                     Internal Medicine and Therapeutics                                                                                Osaka University

Toshio Imanishi, M.D., Ph.D.              1997-1999                   Associate Professor, Cardiology
Wakayama Medical Coll., Japan                                                 Wakayama Medical Coll., Japan

Sumi Paranjape, Ph.D.                         1998- present               Postdoctoral Fellow,
Univ. of Cal., San Diego                                                              Pathology, Univ. of WA

Danielle Methot, Ph.D.                        1998-present                Postdoctoral Fellow,
Univ. of Montreal, Canada                                                          Pathology, Univ. of WA

Xi Wang, Ph.D.                                     2000-present                Postdoctoral Fellow,
University of Manitoba                                                                Pathology, Univ. of WA

Noboru, Wtanabe, M.D., Ph.D.           2000-present                Postdoctoral Fellow,
Shinshu University                                                                       Pathology, Univ. of WA
Matsumoto, Japan

Lil Pabon, Ph.D.                                    2001-present                Postdoctoral Fellow,
Vanderbilt University                                                                   Pathology, Univ. of WA

PREDOCTORAL

Sydney C. Selden, III, Ph.D.                1977-1980                   Grants Management Office,
University of Washington                                                             National Institutes of Health,
Seattle, WA                                                                                Bethesda, MD

Lucy Liaw, Ph.D.                                  1990-1994                   Research Scientist,
University of Washington                                                             Maine Medical Ctr. Res. Institute
Seattle, WA                                                                                South Portland, ME
Research topic:  Smooth muscle migration and osteopontin

Han van Neck, Ph.D.                           1992-1993                   Postdoctoral Fellow,
University of Nijmegen                                                                Univ. of Rotterdam
The Netherlands                                                                          The Netherlands
Research topic:  Effect of bFGF on MyoD conversion

Enming Joseph Su, Ph.D.                     1993-1998                   Postdoctoral Fellow
Oral Roberts University                                                               Gene Therapy, Inc. (Novartis)
Tulsa, OK                                                                                   Gaithersburg, MD
Research topic:  Hypertension and vascular injury

Karen Yee, Ph.D.                                 1994-1998                   Postdoctoral Fellow
Dartmouth College                                                                      Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Ctr.
Hanover, NH                                                                              Boston, MA
Research topic:  Integrins and gel contraction

Michael Wright                                    1995-1998                   Predoctoral Fellow
Univ. of Washington                                                                    Fred Hutchinson Cancer Res. Ctr
Seattle, WA                                                                                Seattle, WA
Research topic:  Apoptotic signaling

Thomas Nhan                                       1998-present                Predoctoral Fellow
Univ. of Washington                                                                    Pathology, Univ. of Washington
Seattle, WA
Research topic: Paracrine effects of death

Richard Fox                                          2002-present                Predoctoral fellow
Research topic:  Role of translational control and activation in monocyte macrophage

SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS

Schwartz SM, Benditt EP.  Postnatal development of the aortic subendothelium in rats.  Lab Invest 26:778-786, 1972.

Schwartz SM, Benditt EP.  Studies on aortic intima.  I.  Structure and permeability of rat thoracic aortic intima.  Am J Pathol 66:241-264, 1972.

Schwartz SM, Benditt EP.  Cell replication in the aortic endothelium:  A new method for study of the problem.  Lab Invest 28:699-707, 1973.

Schwartz SM, Stemerman MB, Benditt EP.  The aortic intima.  II.  Repair of the aortic lining after mechanical denudation.  Am J Pathol 81:15-42, 1975.

Schwartz SM, Benditt EP.  Clustering of replicating cells in aortic endothelium.  Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 73:651-653, 1976.

Schwartz SM, Benditt EP.  Aortic endothelial cell replication.  I.  Effects of age and hypertension in the rat.  Circ Res 41:248-255, 1977.

Schwartz SM.  Hypertension, endothelial injury, and atherosclerosis.  Cardiovasc Med 2:991-1002, 1977.

Schwartz SM, Haudenschild CC, Eddy EM.  Endothelial regeneration.  I.  Quantitative analysis of initial stages of endothelial regeneration in rat aortic intima.  Lab Invest 38:568-580, 1978.

Schwartz SM.  Selection and characterization of bovine aortic endothelial cells.  In Vitro 14:966-980, 1978.

Chi EY, Schwartz SM.  Surface replicas of aortic endothelium.  Scanning Electron Microscopy 2:479-484, 1978.

Selden SC, III, Schwartz SM.  Cytochalasin B inhibition of endothelial proliferation at wound edges in vitro.  J Cell Biol 81:348-354, 1979.

Haudenschild CC, Schwartz SM.  Endothelial regeneration.  II.  Restitution of endothelial continuity.  Lab Invest 41:407-418, 1979.

Reidy MA, Schwartz SM.  Developments in the study of endothelial cells by scanning electron microscopy.  Artery 8:236-243, 1980.

Gajdusek C, DiCorleto P, Ross R, Schwartz SM.  An endothelial cell-derived growth factor. 
J Cell Biol 85:467-472, 1980.

Davies PF, Selden SC, III Schwartz SM.  Enhanced rates of fluid pinocytosis during exponential growth and monolayer regeneration by cultured arterial endothelial cells.  J Cell Physiol 102:119-127, 1980.

Schwartz SM.  Role of endothelial integrity in atherosclerosis.  Artery 8:305-314, 1980.

Cotta-Pereira G, Sage H, Bornstein P, Ross R, Schwartz SM.  Studies of morphologically atypical ("sprouting") cultures of bovine aortic endothelial cells.  Growth characteristics and connective tissue protein synthesis.  J Cell Physiol 102:183-191, 1980.

Schwartz SM, Standaert DM, Chi EY.  Surface replicas of aortic endothelium.  Lab Invest 42:507-510, 1980.

Schwartz SM, Gajdusek CM, Reidy MA, Selden SC, III, Haudenschild CC.  Maintenance of integrity in aortic endothelium.  Fed Proc 39:2618-2625, 1980.

Selden SC, III, Rabinovitch PS, Schwartz SM.  Effects of cytoskeletal disrupting agents on replication of bovine endothelium.  J Cell Physiol 108:195-211, 1981.

Reidy MA, Schwartz SM.  Endothelial regeneration.  III.  Time course of intimal changes after small defined injury to rat aortic endothelium.  Lab Invest 44:301-308, 1981.

Reidy MA, Schwartz SM.  En face morphology of endothelial junctions.  J Ultrastruct Res 75:363-367, 1981.

Taylor RF, Price TH, Schwartz SM, Dale DC.  Neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions on endothelial monolayers grown on micropore filters.  J Clin Invest 67:584-587, 1981.

Owens GK, Rabinovitch PS, Schwartz SM.  Smooth muscle cell hypertrophy versus hyperplasia in hypertension.  Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:7759-7763, 1981.

Schwartz SM, Gajdusek CM, Selden SC, III.  Vascular wall growth control:  The role of the endothelium.  Arteriosclerosis 1:107-126, 1981.

Gajdusek CM, Schwartz SM.  Ability of endothelial cells to condition culture medium.  J Cell Physiol 110:35-42, 1982.

Owens GK, Schwartz SM.  Alterations in vascular smooth muscle mass in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.  Role of cellular hypertrophy, hyperploidy, and hyperplasia.  Circ Res 51:280-289, 1982.

Schwartz SM, Lombardi DM.  Effect of chronic hypertension and antihypertensive therapy on endothelial cell replication in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.  Lab Invest 47:510-515, 1982.

Reidy MA, Standaert D, Schwartz SM.  Inhibition of endothelial cell regrowth.  Cessation of aortic endothelial cell replication after balloon catheter denudation.  Arteriosclerosis 2:216-220, 1982.

Delvos U, Gajdusek C, Sage H, Harker LA, Schwartz SM.  Interactions of vascular wall cells with collagen gels.  Lab Invest 46:61-72, 1982.

Reidy MA, Schwartz SM.  A technique to investigate surface morphology and endothelial cell replication of small arteries:  A study in acute angiotensin-induced hypertensive rats.  Microvasc Res 24:158-167, 1982.

Malinow MR, Brown BG, Wissler RW, Stein O, Stein Y, Schwartz SM, Schonfeld G, Schaefer EJ, Thompson GR.  Atherosclerosis regression, arterial wall cell interactions, and atherogenic lipoproteins.  Arteriosclerosis 3:627-630, 1983.

Heimark RL, Schwartz SM.  Binding of coagulation factors IX and X to the endothelial cell surface.  Biochem Biophys Res Comm 111:723-731, 1983.

DiCorleto PE, Gajdusek CM, Schwartz SM, Ross R.  Biochemical properties of the endothelium-derived growth factor:  Comparison to other growth factors.  J Cell Physiol 114:339-345, 1983.

Schwartz SM.  Cellular proliferation in atherosclerosis and hypertension.  Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 173:1-13, 1983.

Reidy MA, Schwartz SM.  Endothelial injury and regeneration.  IV.  Endotoxin:  A nondenuding injury to aortic endothelium.  Lab Invest 48:25-34, 1983.

Reidy MA, Clowes AW, Schwartz SM.  Endothelial regeneration.  V.  Inhibition of endothelial regrowth in arteries of rat and rabbit.  Lab Invest 49:569-575, 1983.

Hansson GK, Schwartz SM.  Evidence for cell death in the vascular endothelium in vivo and in vitro.  Am J Pathol 112:278-286, 1983.

Harlan JM, Harker LA, Reidy MA, Gajdusek CM, Schwartz SM, Striker GE.  Lipopolysaccharide-mediated bovine endothelial cell injury in vitro.  Lab Invest 48:269-274, 1983.

Harris-Hooker SA, Gajdusek CM, Wight TN, Schwartz SM.  Neovascular responses induced by cultured aortic endothelial cells.  J Cell Physiol 114:302-310, 1983.

Gabbiani G, Gabbiani F, Lombardi D, Schwartz SM.  Organization of actin cytoskeleton in normal and regenerating arterial endothelial cells.  Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:2361-2364, 1983.

Barrett TB, Sampson P, Owens GK, Schwartz SM, Benditt EP.  Polyploid nuclei in human artery wall smooth muscle cells.  Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:882-885, 1983.

Kenagy R, Bierman EL, Schwartz SM.  Regulation of low-density lipoprotein metabolism by cell density and proliferative state.  J Cell Physiol 116:404-408, 1983.

Gajdusek CM, Schwartz SM.  Technique for cloning bovine aortic endothelial cells.  In Vitro 19:394-402, 1983.

Owens GK, Schwartz SM.  Vascular smooth muscle cell hypertrophy and hyperploidy in the Goldblatt hypertensive rat.  Circ Res 53:491-501, 1983.

Reidy MA, Schwartz SM.  Arterial endothelium:  Assessment of in vivo injury.  Exp Molec Path 41:419-434, 1984.

Benditt EP, Schwartz SM.  Editorial:  Arteriosclerosis:  What can we learn from studies on human tissues?  Lab Invest 50:3-4, 1984.

Gajdusek CM, Schwartz SM.  Comparison of intracellular and extracellular mitogenic activity. 
J Cell Physiol 121:316-322, 1984.

Seifert RA, Schwartz SM, Bowen-Pope DF.  Developmentally regulated production of platelet-derived growth factor-like molecules.  Nature 311:669-671, 1984.

Bierman EL, Schwartz SM.  Effect of clonal senescence on low density lipoprotein-receptor activity of bovine arterial endothelial cells.  In Vitro 20:809-814, 1984.

Barrett TB, Gajdusek CM, Schwartz SM, McDougall JK, Benditt EP.  Expression of the sis gene by endothelial cells in culture and in vivo.  Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:6772-6774, 1984.

Hansson G K, Starkebaum GA, Benditt EP, Schwartz SM.  Fc-mediated binding of IgG to vimentin-type intermediate filaments in vascular endothelial cells.  Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:3103-3107, 1984.

Kenagy R, Bierman EL, Schwartz SM, Albers JJ.  Metabolism of low density lipoprotein by bovine endothelial cells as a function of cell density.  Arteriosclerosis 4:365-371, 1984.

Ahmed M, Kim Y, Schwartz SM, Gordon D.  A microcomputer-based system for the microscope.  IEEE Frontiers Eng and Comp Health Care 6:75-78, 1984.

Gabbiani G, Gabbiani F, Heimark RL, Schwartz SM.  Organization of actin cytoskeleton during early endothelial regeneration in vitro.  J Cell Sci 66:39-50, 1984.

Gabbiani G, Gabbiani F, Heimark RL, Schwartz SM.  Remodeling of actin cytoskeleton during early endothelial regeneration in vitro.  J Submicrosc Cytol 16:35-36, 1984.

Schwartz SM, Ross R.  Cellular proliferation in atherosclerosis and hypertension.  Prog Cardiovasc Dis 26:355-372, 1984.

Schwartz SM.  Hypertension as a vascular response to injury.  Hypertension 6:III-33-III-37, 1984.

Schwartz SM.  Molecular biology and the vascular wall.  Arteriosclerosis 4:647-656, 1984.

Schwartz SM.  Smooth muscle proliferation in hypertension.  State-of-the-Art Lecture.  Hypertension 6(Suppl. I):I‑56-I‑61, 1984.

Harlan JM, Schwartz BR, Reidy MA, Schwartz SM, Ochs HD, Harker LA.  Activated neutrophils disrupt endothelial monolayer integrity by an oxygen radical-independent mechanism.  Lab Invest 52:141-150, 1985.

Clowes AW, Schwartz SM.  Significance of quiescent smooth muscle migration in the injured rat carotid artery.  Circ Res 56:139-145, 1985.

Heimark RL, Schwartz SM.  The role of membrane-membrane interactions in the regulation of endothelial cell growth.  J Cell Biol 100:1934-1940, 1985.

Hansson GK, Chao S, Schwartz SM, Reidy MA.  Aortic endothelial cell death and replication in normal and lipopolysaccharide-treated rats.  Am J Pathol 121:123-127, 1985.

Nicholls WH, Kim Y, Schwartz SM, Vinter DW.  Development of a microcomputer-based microdensitometer.  Int J Microcomputer Applications, 1985.

Vinter DW, Nicholls W, Kim Y, Schwartz SM.  Development of a biomedical image processing computer system.  IEEE Frontiers Eng and Comp Health Care 7:996-1000, 1985.

Schwartz SM, Reidy MA, Clowes A.  Kinetics of atherosclerosis:  A stem cell model.  Ann NY Acad Sci 454:292-304, 1985.

Schwartz SM.  Cellular mechanisms in atherosclerosis:  Theories and therapies.  Ann NY Acad Sci 454:320-321, 1985.

Reidy MA, Yoshida K, Harker LA, Schwartz SM.  Vascular injury:  Quantification of experimental focal endothelial denudation in rats using indiums-111-labeled platelets.  Arteriosclerosis 6:305-311, 1986.

Schwartz SM, Campbell GR, Campbell JH.  Replication of smooth muscle cells in vascular disease.  Circ Res 58:427-444, 1986.

Heimark RL, Twardzik DR, Schwartz SM.  Inhibition of endothelial regeneration by type- transforming growth factor from platelets.  Science 233:1078-1080, 1986.

Gordon D, Mohai LG, Schwartz SM.  Induction of polyploidy in cultures of neonatal rat aortic smooth muscle cells.  Circ Res 59:633-644, 1986.

Gordon D, Schwartz SM.  Replication of arterial smooth muscle cells in hypertension and atherosclerosis.  Am J Cardiol 59:44A-48A, 1987.

Majesky MW, Schwartz SM, Clowes MM, Clowes AW.  Heparin regulates smooth muscle S phase entry in the injured rat carotid artery.  Circ Res 61:296-300, 1987.

Chen CS, Thiagarajan P, Schwartz SM, Harlan JM, Heimark RL.  The platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa-like protein in human endothelial cells promotes adhesion but not initial attachment to extracellular matrix.  J Cell Biol 105:1885-1892, 1987.

Schwartz SM, Reidy MA.  Common mechanisms of proliferation of smooth muscle in atherosclerosis and hypertension.  Human Pathol 18:240-247, 1987.

Majesky MW, Benditt EP, Schwartz SM.  Expression and developmental control of platelet-derived growth factor A-chain and B-chain/sis genes in rat aortic smooth muscle cells.  Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:1524-1528, 1988.

Owens GK, Schwartz SM, McCanna M.  Evaluation of medial hypertrophy in resistance vessels of spontaneously hypertensive rats.  Hypertension 11:198-207, 1988.

Wilcox JN, Smith KM, Williams LT, Schwartz SM, Gordon D.  Platelet-derived growth factor mRNA detection in human atherosclerotic plaques by in situ hybridization.  J Clin Invest 82:1134-1143, 1988.

Reilly DF, Gordon D, Schwartz SM.  Determination and comparison of the aortic polyploid smooth muscle content of human hypertensive subjects and normotensive controls.  Acta Physiol Scand 133(Suppl. 571):181-188, 1988.

Lombardi DM, Owens GK, Schwartz SM.  Ploidy in mesenteric vessels of aged spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats.  Hypertension 13:475-479, 1989.

Wilcox JN, Smith KM, Schwartz SM, Gordon D.  Localization of tissue factor in the normal vessel wall and in the atherosclerotic plaque.  Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:2839-2843, 1989.

Gordon D, Schwartz SM, Benditt EP, Wilcox JN. Growth factors and cell proliferation in human atherosclerosis.  Transplantation Proc 21:3692-3694, 1989.

Dilley RJ, Schwartz SM.  Vascular remodeling in the growth hormone transgenic mouse.  Circ Res 65:1233-1240, 1989.

Reidy MA, Chopek M, Chao S, McDonald T, Schwartz SM. Injury induces increase of von Willebrand factor in rat endothelial cells. Am J Pathol. 1989;134:857-864.

Bavisotto LM, Schwartz SM, Heimark RL.  Modulation of Ca2+-dependent intercellular adhesion in bovine aortic and human umbilical vein endothelial cells by heparin-binding growth factors.  J Cell Physiol 143:39-51, 1990.

Heimark RL, Degner M, Schwartz SM.  Identification of a Ca2+-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecule in endothelial cells.  J Cell Biol 110:1745-1756, 1990.

Schwartz SM, Foy L, Bowen-Pope DF, Ross R.  Derivation and properties of platelet-derived growth factor-independent rat smooth muscle cells.  Am J Pathol 136:1417-1428, 1990.

Majesky MW, Daemen MJAP, Schwartz SM.  1-Adrenergic stimulation of platelet-derived growth factor A-chain gene expression in rat aorta.  J Biol Chem 265:1082-1088, 1990.

Penn MS, Chisolm GM, Schwartz SM.  Visualization and quantification of transmural concentration profiles of macromolecules across the arterial wall.  Circ Res 67:11-22, 1990.

Gordon D, Reidy MA, Benditt EP, Schwartz SM.  Cell proliferation in human coronary arteries. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:4600-4604, 1990.

Schwartz SM, Heimark RL, Majesky MW.  Developmental mechanisms underlying pathology of arteries.  Physiological Reviews 70:1177-1209, 1990.

Majesky MW, Reidy MA, Bowen-Pope DF, Wilcox JN, Schwartz SM.  Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) ligand and receptor gene expression during repair of arterial injury.  J Cell Biol 111:2149-2158, 1990.

Majesky MW, Schwartz SM.  Smooth muscle diversity in arterial wound repair.  Toxicol Pathol 18:554-559, 1990.

Gordon D, Schwartz SM.  Cell proliferation in human atherosclerosis.  Trends Cardiovasc Med 1:24-28, 1991.

Giachelli CM, Majesky MW, Schwartz SM.  Developmentally regulated cytochrome P450IA1 expression in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells.  J Biol Chem 266:3981-3986, 1991.

Daemen MJAP, Lombardi DM, Bosman FT, Schwartz SM.  Angiotensin II induces smooth muscle cell proliferation in the normal and injured arterial wall.  Circ Res 68:450-456, 1991.

Johnson RJ, Iida H, Alpers CE, Majesky MW, Schwartz SM, Pritzl P, Gordon K, Gown AM.  Expression of smooth muscle cell phenotype by rat mesangial cells in immune complex nephritis.  J Clin Invest 87:847-858, 1991.

Lombardi DM, Reidy MA, Schwartz SM.  Methodological considerations important in the accurate quantitation of aortic smooth muscle cell replication in the normal rat.  Am J Path 138:441-446, 1991.

Giachelli CM, Bae N, Lombardi D, Majesky M, Schwartz SM.  Molecular cloning and characterization of 2B7, a rat mRNA which distinguishes smooth muscle cell phenotypes in vitro and is identical to osteopontin (secreted phosphoprotein I, 2aR).  Biochem Biophys Res Commun 177:867-873, 1991.

Schwartz SM.  Developmental origins of hypertension and atherosclerosis.  J Japan Atherosclerosis Soc 19:13-17, 1991.

Majesky MW, Lindner V, Twardzik DR, Schwartz SM, Reidy MA.  Production of transforming growth factor 1 during repair of arterial injury.  J Clin Invest 88:904-910, 1991.

Coffin JD, Harrison J, Schwartz SM, Heimark R.  Angioblast differentiation and morphogenesis of the vascular endothelium in the mouse embryo.  Devel Biol 148:51-62, 1991.

Bondjers G, Glukhova M, Hansson GK, Postnov YV, Reidy MA, Schwartz SM.  Hypertension and atherosclerosis:  Cause and effect, or two effects with one unknown cause?  Circulation 84(Suppl 6):2-16, 1991.

Jawien A, Bowen-Pope DF, Lindner V, Schwartz SM, Clowes AW.  Platelet-derived growth factor promotes smooth muscle migration and intimal thickening in a rat model of balloon angioplasty.  J Clin Invest 89:507-511, 1992.

Johnson RJ, Alpers CE, Yoshimura A, Lombardi D, Pritzl P, Floege J, Schwartz SM.  Renal injury from angiotensin II-mediated hypertension.  Hypertension 19:464-474, 1992.

Majesky MW, Giachelli CM, Reidy MA, Schwartz SM.  Rat carotid neointimal smooth muscle cells re-express a developmentally regulated mRNA phenotype during repair of arterial injury.  Circ Res 71:759-768, 1992.

Van Kleef EM, Smits JFM, De Mey JGR, Cleutjens JPM, Lombardi DM, Schwartz SM, Daemen MJAP.  -1-Adrenocreceptor blockade reduces the angiotensin II-induced vascular smooth muscle cell DNA synthesis in the rat thoracic aorta and carotid artery.  Circ Res 70:1122-1127, 1992.

Okazaki H, Majesky MW, Harker LA, Schwartz SM.  Regulation of platelet-derived growth factor ligand and receptor gene expression by -thrombin in vascular smooth muscle cells.  Circ Res 71:1285-1293, 1992.

Jackson CL, Schwartz SM.  Pharmacology of smooth muscle cell replication.  Hypertension 20:713-736, 1992.

Schwartz SM, Liaw L. Growth control and morphogenesis in the development and pathology of arteries. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1993;21 Suppl 1:S31-S49.

Liaw L, Schwartz SM. Comparison of gene expression in bovine aortic endothelium in vivo versus in vitro. Differences in growth regulatory molecules. Arterioscler Thromb. 1993;13:985-993.

Kaner RJ, Medina JM, Nicholson AC, Ursea R, Schwartz SM, Hajjar DP. Developmentally regulated herpesvirus plaque formation in arterial smooth muscle cells. Circ Res. 1993;73:10-14.

van Neck JW, Medina JJ, Onnekink C, van der Ven PF, Bloemers HP, Schwartz SM. Basic fibroblast growth factor has a differential effect on MyoD conversion of cultured aortic smooth muscle cells from newborn and adult rats. Am J Pathol. 1993;143:269-282.

O'Brien ER, Alpers CE, Stewart DK, Ferguson M, Tran N, Gordon D, Benditt EP, Hinohara T, Simpson JB, Schwartz SM. Proliferation in primary and restenotic coronary atherectomy tissue. Implications for antiproliferative therapy. Circ Res. 1993;73:223-231.

Liaw L, Schwartz SM. Microtubule disruption stimulates DNA synthesis in bovine endothelial cells and potentiates cellular response to basic fibroblast growth factor. Am J Pathol. 1993;143:937-948.

Giachelli CM, Bae N, Almeida M, Denhardt DT, Alpers CE, Schwartz SM. Osteopontin is elevated during neointima formation in rat arteries and is a novel component of human atherosclerotic plaques. J Clin Invest. 1993;92:1686-1696.

Taguchi J, Abe J, Ohno M, Schwartz SM, Kurokawa K. Topical application of AT1 receptor antagonists prevents medial and neointimal proliferation after balloon injury. Blood Press Suppl. 1994;5:38-42.

Giachelli CM, Pichler R, Lombardi D, Denhardt DT, Alpers CE, Schwartz SM, Johnson RJ. Osteopontin expression in angiotensin II-induced tubulointerstitial nephritis. Kidney Int. 1994;45:515-524.

Liaw L, Almeida M, Hart CE, Schwartz SM, Giachelli CM. Osteopontin promotes vascular cell adhesion and spreading and is chemotactic for smooth muscle cells in vitro. Circ Res. 1994;74:214-224.

Schwartz SM. Biology of the neointima. Exp Nephrol. 1994;2:63-77.

Lemire JM, Covin CW, White S, Giachelli CM, Schwartz SM. Characterization of cloned aortic smooth muscle cells from young rats. Am J Pathol. 1994;144:1068-1081.

Pichler R, Giachelli CM, Lombardi D, Pippin J, Gordon K, Alpers CE, Schwartz SM, Johnson RJ. Tubulointerstitial disease in glomerulonephritis:  Potential role of osteopontin (uropontin). Am J Pathol. 1994;144:915-926.

O'Brien ER, Garvin MR, Dev R, Stewart DK, Hinohara T, Simpson JB, Schwartz SM. Angiogenesis in human coronary atherosclerotic plaques. Am J Pathol. 1994;145:883-894.

O'Brien ER, Garvin MR, Stewart DK, Hinohara T, Simpson JB, Schwartz SM, Giachelli CM. Osteopontin is synthesized by macrophage, smooth muscle, and endothelial cells in primary and restenotic human coronary atherosclerotic plaques. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994;14:1648-1656.

Murry CE, Giachelli CM, Schwartz SM, Vracko R. Macrophages express osteopontin during repair of myocardial necrosis. Am J Pathol. 1994;145:1450-1462.

O'Brien ER, Schwartz SM.  Update on the biology and clinical study of restenosis.  Trends Cardiovasc Med 4:169-178, 1994.

Schwartz SM, James BF.  Improving ethnic diversity in research training programs.  Faseb J 1994; 8:1105-1109

Schwartz SM, Majesky MW, Murry CE.  The intima: Development and monoclonal responses to injury.  Atherosclerosis I 1 8(Suppl): S 125-S 140, 1995.

Schwartz SM. How vessels narrow. Z Kardiol. 1995;84:129-135.

Yablonka-Reuveni Z, Schwartz SM, Christ B. Development of chicken aortic smooth muscle: expression of cytoskeletal and basement membrane proteins defines two distinct cell phenotypes emerging from a common lineage. Cell Mol Biol Res. 1995;41:241-249.

Thayer JM, Meyers K, Giachelli CM, Schwartz SM. Formation of the arterial media during vascular development. Cell Mol Biol Res. 1995;41:251-262.

Liaw L, Skinner MP, Raines EW, Ross R, Cheresh DA, Schwartz SM, Giachelli CM. The adhesive and migratory effects of osteopontin are mediated via distinct cell surface integrins. Role of alpha v beta 3 in smooth muscle cell migration to osteopontin in vitro. J Clin Invest. 1995;95:713-724.

Giachelli CM, Liaw L, Murry CE, Schwartz SM, Almeida M. Osteopontin expression in cardiovascular diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1995;760:109-126.

Bennett MR, Evan GI, Schwartz SM. Apoptosis of human vascular smooth muscle cells derived from normal vessels and coronary atherosclerotic plaques. J Clin Invest. 1995;95:2266-2274.

Lindner V, Giachelli CM, Schwartz SM, Reidy MA. A subpopulation of smooth muscle cells in injured rat arteries expresses platelet-derived growth factor-B chain mRNA. Circ Res. 1995;76:951-957.

Thayer JM, Giachelli CM, Mirkes PE, Schwartz SM. Expression of osteopontin in the head process late in gastrulation in the rat. J Exp Zool. 1995;272:240-244.

Schwartz SM, Reidy MA, O'Brien ER. Assessment of factors important in atherosclerotic occlusion and restenosis. Thromb Haemost. 1995;74:541-551.

Bennett MR, Evan GI, Schwartz SM. Apoptosis of rat vascular smooth muscle cells is regulated by p53-dependent and -independent pathways. Circ Res. 1995;77:266-273.

Schwartz SM, Bennett MR. Death by any other name. Am J Pathol. 1995;147:229-234.

Schwartz SM, deBlois D, O'Brien ER. The intima. Soil for atherosclerosis and restenosis. Circ Res. 1995;77:445-465.

Conroy SC, Hart CE, Perez-Reyes N, Giachelli CM, Schwartz SM, McDougall JK. Characterization of human aortic smooth muscle cells expressing HPV16 E6 and E7 open reading frames. Am J Pathol.  1995;147:753-762.

Liaw L, Lindner V, Schwartz SM, Chambers AF, Giachelli CM. Osteopontin and beta 3 integrin are coordinately expressed in regenerating endothelium in vivo and stimulate Arg-Gly-Asp-dependent endothelial migration in vitro. Circ Res. 1995;77:665-672.

Bennett MR, Schwartz SM. Antisense therapy for angioplasty restenosis - Some critical considerations. Circulation. 1995;92:1981-1993.

Hoshiga M, Alpers CE, Smith LL, Giachelli CM, Schwartz SM. v3 integrin expression in normal and atherosclerotic artery. Circ Res. 1995;77:1129-1135.

Bennett MR, Gibson DF, Schwartz SM, Tait JF. Binding and phagocytosis of apoptotic vascular smooth muscle cells is mediated in part by exposure of phosphatidylserine. Circ Res. 1995;77:1136-1142.

Schwartz SM, Majesky MW, Murry CE. The intima:  Development and monoclonal responses to injury. Atherosclerosis. 1995;118:S125-S140.

Schwartz SM, Murry CE, O'Brien ER.  Vessel wall response to injury.  Sci Amer Sci and Med Mar/Apr 3(2):12-21, 1996.

Miano JM, Firulli AB, Olson EN, Hara P, Giachelli CM, Schwartz SM. Restricted expression of homeobox genes distinguishes fetal from adult human smooth muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93:900-905.

Van Kleef EM, Smits JF, Schwartz SM, Daemen MJ. Doxazosin blocks the angiotensin II-induced smooth muscle cell DNA synthesis in the media, but not in the neointima of the rat carotid artery after balloon injury. Cardiovasc Res. 1996;31:324-330.

Stadius ML, Gown AM, Kernoff R, Schwartz SM. Does sequential balloon injury of an artery lead to a different outcome than a single injury? An experimental study of angioplasty. Coron Artery Dis. 1996;7:247-255.

Murry CE, Bartosek T, Giachelli CM, Alpers CE, Schwartz SM. Platelet-derived growth factor-A mRNA expression in fetal, normal adult, and atherosclerotic human aortas.  Analysis by competitive polymerase chain reaction. Circulation. 1996;93:1095-1106.

O'Brien ER, Bennett KL, Garvin MR, Zderic TW, Hinohara T, Simpson JB, Kimura T, Nobuyoshi M, Mizgala H, Purchio A, Schwartz SM. Beta ig-h3, a transforming growth factor-beta-inducible gene, is overexpressed in atherosclerotic and restenotic human vascular lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1996;16:576-584.

Wiener J, Lombardi DM, Su JE, Schwartz SM. Immunohistochemical and molecular characterization of the differential response of the rat mesenteric microvasculature to angiotensin-II infusion. J Vasc Res. 1996;33:195-208.

Lemire JM, Potter-Perigo S, Hall KL, Wight TN, Schwartz SM. Distinct rat aortic smooth muscle cells differ in versican/PG-M expression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1996;16:821-829.

Bendeck MP, Regenass S, Tom WD, Giachelli CM, Schwartz SM, Hart C, Reidy MA. Differential expression of 1 type VIII collagen in injured, platelet-derived growth factor-BB- stimulated rat carotid arteries. Circ Res. 1996;79:524-531.

deBlois D, Schwartz SM, Van Kleef EM, Su JE, Griffin KA, Bidani AK, Daemen MJ, Lombardi DM. Chronic alpha 1-adrenoreceptor stimulation increases DNA synthesis in rat arterial wall. Modulation of responsiveness after vascular injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1996;16:1122-1129.

deBlois D, Viswanathan M, Su JE, Clowes AW, Saavedra JM, Schwartz SM. Smooth muscle DNA replication in response to angiotensin II is regulated differently in the neointima and media at different times after balloon injury in the rat carotid artery. Role of AT1 receptor expression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1996;16:1130-1137.

Rekhter MD, O'Brien E, Shah N, Schwartz SM, Simpson JB, Gordon D. The importance of thrombus organization and stellate cell phenotype in collagen I gene expression in human, coronary atherosclerotic and restenotic lesions. Cardiovasc Res. 1996;32:496-502.

Murry CE, Kay MA, Bartosek T, Hauschka SD, Schwartz SM. Muscle differentiation during repair of myocardial necrosis in rats via gene transfer with MyoD. J Clin Invest. 1996;98:2209-2217.

Pichler RH, Hugo C, Shankland SJ, Reed MJ, Bassuk JA, Andoh TF, Lombardi DM, Schwartz SM, Bennett WM, Alpers CE, Sage EH, Johnson RJ, Couser WG. SPARC is expressed in renal interstitial fibrosis and in renal vascular injury. Kidney Int. 1996;50:1978-1989.

deBlois D, Lombardi DM, Su EJ, Clowes AW, Schwartz SM, Giachelli CM. Angiotensin II induction of osteopontin expression and DNA replication in rat arteries. Hypertension. 1996;28:1055-1063.

Murry CE, Wiseman RW, Schwartz SM, Hauschka SD. Skeletal myoblast transplantation for repair of myocardial necrosis. J Clin Invest. 1996;98:2512-2523.

Schwartz SM, Reidy MA, de Blois D. Factors important in arterial narrowing. J Hypertens Suppl. 1996;14:S71-S81.

Liaw L, Lombardi DM, Almeida MM, Schwartz SM, deBlois D, Giachelli CM. Neutralizing antibodies directed against osteopontin inhibit rat carotid neointimal thickening following endothelial denudation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17:188-193.

Majesky MW, Schwartz SM. An Origin for Smooth Muscle Cells from Endothelium?  (Editorial). Circ Res. 1997;80:601-603.

Slomp J, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Glukhova MA, Conny vM, Kockx MM, Schwartz SM, Koteliansky VE. Differentiation, dedifferentiation, and apoptosis of smooth muscle cells during the development of the human ductus arteriosus. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17:1003-1009.

Schwartz SM. Perspectives series: cell adhesion in vascular biology. Smooth muscle migration in atherosclerosis and restenosis. J Clin Invest. 1997;99:2814-2816.

Murry CE, Gipaya CT, Bartosek T, Benditt EP, Schwartz SM. Monoclonality of smooth muscle cells in human atherosclerosis.  Am J Pathol. 1997;151:697-705.

Bennett MR, Littlewood TD, Schwartz SM, Weissberg PL. Increased sensitivity of human vascular smooth muscle cells from atherosclerotic plaques to p53-mediated apoptosis. Circ Res. 1997;81:591-599.

Han DK, Chaudhary PM, Wright ME, Friedman C, Trask BJ, Riedel RD, Baskin DG, Schwartz SM, Hood L. MRIT, a novel death-effector domain-containing protein, interacts with caspases and BclXl and intitiates death. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:11333-11338.

Schwartz SM. Smooth muscle migration in atherosclerosis and restenosis. J Clin Invest. 1997;100:S87-S89.

Bennett MR, Lindner V, deBlois D, Reidy MA, Schwartz SM. Effect of phosphorothioated oligonucleotides on neointima formation in the rat carotid artery. Dissecting the mechanism of action. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17:2326-2332.

Seo HS, Lombardi DM, Polinsky P, Powell-Braxton L, Bunting S, Schwartz SM, Rosenfeld ME. Peripheral vascular stenosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Potential roles of lipid deposition, medial atrophy, and adventitial inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17:3593-3601.

LaFleur DW, Chiang J, Fagin JA, Schwartz SM, Shah PK, Wallner K, Forrester JS, Sharifi BG. Aortic smooth muscle cells interact with tenascin-C through its fibrinogen-like domain. J Biol Chem. 1997;272:32798-32803.

Schwartz SM. Smooth muscle migration in vascular development and pathogenesis. Transpl Immunol. 1997;5:255-260.

Schwartz SM. Cell death and the caspase cascade (Editorial). Circulation. 1998;97:227-229.

Su EJ, Lombardi DM, Wiener J, Daemen MJ, Reidy MA, Schwartz SM. Mitogenic effect of angiotensin II on rat carotid arteries and type II or III mesenteric microvessels but not type I mesenteric microvessels is mediated by endogenous basic fibroblast growth factor. Circ Res. 1998;82:321-327.

Schwartz SM, Murry CE. Proliferation and the monoclonal origins of atherosclerotic lesions. Annu Rev Med. 1998;49:437-460.

Isik FF, Gibran NS, Jang YC, Sandell L, Schwartz SM. Vitronectin decreases microvascular endothelial cell apoptosis. J Cell Physiol. 1998;175:149-155.

Floege J, Hudkins KL, Davis CL, Schwartz SM, Alpers CE. Expression of PDGF alpha-receptor in renal arteriosclerosis and rejecting renal transplants. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998;9:211-223.

Taguchi J, Murry CE, Herren BI, Pech M, Schwartz SM, Lindner V. A quantitative method for determination of endothelial mRNA expression in vivo: induction of platelet-derived growth factor by endotoxin. Am J Pathol. 1998;152:903-912.

Chung IM, Schwartz SM, Murry CE. Clonal architecture of normal and atherosclerotic aorta: implications for atherogenesis and vascular development. Am J Pathol. 1998;152:913-923.

Firulli AB, Han D, Kelly-Roloff L, Koteliansky VE, Schwartz SM, Olson EN, Miano JM. A comparative molecular analysis of four rat smooth muscle cell lines. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 1998;34:217-226.

Courtman DW, Schwartz SM, Hart CE. Sequential injury of the rabbit abdominal aorta induces intramural coagulation and luminal narrowing independent of intimal mass: extrinsic pathway inhibition eliminates luminal narrowing. Circ Res. 1998;82:996-1006.

Su EJ, Lombardi DM, Siegal J, Schwartz SM. Angiotensin II induces vascular smooth muscle cell replication independent of blood pressure. Hypertension. 1998;31:1331-1337.

Yee KO, Rooney MM, Giachelli CM, Lord ST, Schwartz SM. Role of beta1 and beta3 integrins in human smooth muscle cell adhesion to and contraction of fibrin clots in vitro. Circ Res. 1998;83:241-251.

Yun TJ, Chaudhary PM, Shu GL, Frazer JK, Ewings MK, Schwartz SM, Pascual V, Hood LE, Clark EA. OPG/FDCR-1, a TNF receptor family member, is expressed in lymphoid cells and is up-regulated by ligating CD40. J Immunol. 1998;161:6113-6121.

Wright ME, Han DK, Carter L, Fields S, Schwartz SM, Hockenbery DM. Caspase-3 inhibits growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae without causing cell death. FEBS Lett. 1999;446:9-14.

Lombardi D, Gordon KL, Polinsky P, Suga S, Schwartz SM, Johnson RJ. Salt-sensitive hypertension develops after short-term exposure to Angiotensin II. Hypertension. 1999;33:1013-1019.

Schwartz SM. The definition of cell type [editorial; comment]. Circ Res. 1999;84:1234-1235.

Lemire JM, Braun KR, Maurel P, Kaplan ED, Schwartz SM, Wight TN. Versican/PG-M isoforms in vascular smooth muscle cells.  Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999;19:1630-1639.

Malyankar UM, Hanson R, Schwartz SM, Ridall AL, Giachelli CM. Upstream stimulatory factor 1 regulates osteopontin expression in smooth muscle cells. Exp Cell Res. 1999;250:535-547.

Ikari Y, McManus BM, Kenyon J, Schwartz SM. Neonatal intima formation in the human coronary artery. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999;19:2036-2040.

Adams LD, Lemire JM, Schwartz SM. A systematic analysis of 40 random genes in cultured vascular smooth muscle subtypes reveals a heterogeneity of gene expression and identifies the tight junction gene zonula occludens 2 as a marker of epithelioid "pup" smooth muscle cells and a participant in carotid neointimal formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999;19:2600-2608.

Schwartz SM. The intima : A new soil [editorial; comment]. Circ Res. 1999;85:877-879.

Yee KO, Schwartz SM. Why atherosclerotic vessels narrow: the fibrin hypothesis. Thromb Haemost. 1999;82:762-771.

Imanishi T, McBride J, Ho Q, O'Brien KD, Schwartz SM, Han DK. Expression of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein in human coronary arteries and in a rat vascular injury model. Am J Pathol. 2000;156:125-137.

Yee KO, Ikari Y, Bodary S, Schwartz SM. Kistrin inhibits human smooth muscle cell interaction with fibrin. Thromb Res. 2000;97:39-50.

Ikari Y, Fujikawa K, Yee KO, Schwartz SM. alpha(1)-proteinase inhibitor, alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin, or alpha(2)- macroglobulin is required for vascular smooth muscle cell spreading in three-dimensional fibrin Gel. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:12799-12805.

Ikari Y, Mulvihill E, Schwartz SM. alpha 1-Proteinase inhibitor, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, and alpha 2- macroglobulin are the antiapoptotic factors of vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:11798-11803.

Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, Farb A, Schwartz SM. Lessons From Sudden Coronary Death : A Comprehensive Morphological Classification Scheme for Atherosclerotic Lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000;20:1262-1275.

Schaub FJ, Han DK, Conrad LW, Adams LD, Coats SA, Ramachandran RK, Seifert RA, Schwartz SM, Bowen-Pope DF. Fas/FADD-mediated activation of a specific program of inflammatory gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. Nat Med. 2000;6:790-796.

Schwartz SM, Virmani R, Rosenfeld ME. The good smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis. Current Atherosclerosis Reports. 2000;2:422-429.

Ikari Y, Yee KO, Hatsukami TS, Schwartz SM. Human carotid artery smooth muscle cells rarely express alpha(v)beta3 integrin at sites of recent plaque rupture. Thromb Haemost. 2000;84:338-344.

Adams LD, Geary RL, McManus B, Schwartz SM. A comparison of aorta and vena cava medial message expression by cDNA array analysis identifies a set of 68 consistently differentially expressed genes, all in aortic media. Circ Res. 2000;87:623-631.

Imanishi T, Murry CE, Reinecke H, Hano T, Nishio I, Liles WC, Hofsta L, Kim K, O'Brien KD, Schwartz SM, Han DK. Cellular FLIP is expressed in cardiomyocytes and down-regulated in TUNEL-positive grafted cardiac tissues. Cardiovasc Res. 2000;48:101-110.

Ikari Y, Yee KO, Schwartz SM. Role of alpha5beta1 and alphavbeta3 integrins on smooth muscle cell spreading and migration in fibrin gels. Thromb Haemost. 2000;84:701-705.

O'Brien ER, Urieli-Shoval S, Garvin MR, Stewart DK, Hinohara T, Simpson JB, Benditt EP, Schwartz SM. Replication in restenotic atherectomy tissue. Atherosclerosis. 2000;152:117-126.

Imanishi, T.; Hano, T.; Nishio, I.; Liles, W.C.; Schwartz, S.M.; Han, D.K.M.  Transition of Apoptotic Resistant Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells to Apoptotic Sensitive State Is Correlated with Downregulation of c-FLIP. J Vasc Res 2000; 37:523-531.

Rosenfeld ME, Polinsky P, Virmani R, Kauser K, Rubanyi G, Schwartz SM. Advanced atherosclerotic lesions in the innominate artery of the ApoE knockout mouse. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000;20:2587-2592.

Lombardi DM, Viswanathan M, Vio CP, Saavedra JM, Schwartz SM, Johnson RJ.  Renal and vascular injury induced by exogenous angiotensin II is AT1 receptor-dependent.
Nephron. 2001 Jan;87(1):66-74.

Yee KO, Ikari Y, Schwartz SM. An update of the Grutzbalg hypothesis:  The role of thrombosis and coagulation in atherosclerotic progression. Thromb Haemost. 2001;85:207-217.

Schwartz SM. A protective player in the vascular response to injury. Nat Med. 2001;7:656-657.

Schwartz SM, Hatsukami TS, Yuan C. Molecular markers, fibrous cap rupture, and the vulnerable plaque: new experimental opportunities. CircRes 2001;89:471-473.

Imanishi T, Hano T, Nishio I, Han DK, Schwartz SM.  Apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells is induced by Fas ligand derived from endothelial cells. Jpn Circ J. 2001;65:556-560.

Schwartz, SM, Hatsukami TS, Yuan C.  Molecular markers, fibrous cap rupture, and the vulnerable plaque: New experimental opportunities.  Circ Res. 2001 Sep 14;89(6):471-3

Imanishi T, Han DKM, Hofstra L, Hano T, Nishio I, Liles WC, Gorden AM, Schwartz SM.  Apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells is induced by Fas ligand derived from monocytes/macrophage. Atherosclerosis 2002 Mar; 161(1):143-51.

Rosenfeld ME, Carson KG, Johnson JL, Williams H, Jackson CL, Schwartz SM.  Animal models of spontaneous plaque rupture: The holy grail of experimental atherosclerosis research.  Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2002 May;4(3):238-42.

Rosenfeld ME, Kauser K, Martin-McNulty B, Polinsky P, Schwartz SM, Rubanyi GM.  Estrogen inhibits the initiation of fatty streaks throughout teh vasculature but does not inhibit intra-plaque hemorrhage and the progression of established lesions in apolipoprotein E deficient mice.  Atherosclerosis. 2002 Oct;164(2):251-9.

Geary RL, Wong JM, Rossini A, Schwartz SM, Adams LD.  Expression profiling identifies 147 genes contributing to a unique primate neointimal smooth muscle cell phenotype.  Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002 Dec 1; 22(12):2010-6.

Chung IM, Gold HK, Schwartz SM, Ikari Y, Reidy MA, Wight TN.  Enhanced extracellular matrix accumulation in restenosis of coronary arteries after stent deployment.  J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002 Dec 18; 40(12):2072-81.

Schwartz SM, Geary RL, Adams LD. Vascular failure: a hypothesis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2003 May;5(3):201-7.

Qin M, Zeng Z, Zheng J, Shah PK, Schwartz SM, Adams LD, Sharifi BG..  Suppression subtractive hybridization identifies distinctive expression markers for coronary and internal mammary arteries.  Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003 Mar 1;23(3):425-33.

Nhan TQ, Liles WC, Chait A, Fallon JT, Schwartz SM. The p17 Cleaved Form of Caspase-3 is Present Within Viable Macrophages In Vitro and in Atherosclerotic Plaque. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003 Jul 1;23(7):1276-82.

Schwartz SM, Bornfeldt KE. How does diabetes accelerate atherosclerotic plaque rupture and arterial occlusion? Front Biosci. 2003 Sep 1;8:s1371-83

Nhan TQ, Liles WC, Chait A, Fallon JT, Schwartz SM. The p17 Cleaved Form of Caspase-3 Is Present Within Viable Macrophages In Vitro and in Atherosclerotic Plaque. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003 Jul 1;23(7):1276-82. Epub 2003 May 22

Schwartz SM, Geary RL, Adams LD. Vascular failure: a hypothesis.Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2003 May;5(3):201-7.

Wallner K, Li C., Shah PK^, Wu K-J, Schwartz SM, Sharifi BG.  Proteolytic exposure of a cryptic site within tenascin-C is required for apoptosis of smooth muscle cells: Implications for atherosclerosis plaque rupture. PNAS 2001, (Submitted).

INVITED CHAPTERS

Schwartz SM, Selden SCIII, Bowman P.  Growth control in aortic endothelium at wound edges.  Cold Spring Harbor 3rd Conference on Cell Proliferation.  In Hormones and Cell Culture, Vol. 6, edited by R. Ross and G. Sato.  Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 1979, pp. 593-610.

Striker GE, Harlan JM, Schwartz SM.  Human endothelial cells in vitro.  In Methods in Cell Biology, Vol. 21.  Cultured Human Tissues and Cells, Biological Medical Research Series.  Academic Press, New York, 1980, pp. 135-151.

Schwartz SM.  Role of endothelial integrity in atherosclerosis.  In Hemodynamics and the Arterial Wall, edited by R.M. Nerem and J.R. Guyton.  Proceedings from a Specialists Meeting.  University of Houston Press, 1980, pp. 1-4.

Schwartz SM.  Endothelial cell loss and replacement in atherosclerosis.  In Diabetes and Atherosclerosis Connection, edited by J. Moskowitz.  Juvenile Diabetes Foundation Medical Series, New York, 1981, pp. 77-81.

Schwartz SM, Standaert DM.  Endothelial injury in hypertension.  In Frontiers in Hypertension Research, edited by J.H. Laragh, F.R. Buhler, and D.W. Sheldin.  Springer-Verlag, New York, 1981, pp. 401-403.

Harker LA, Schwartz SM, Ross R.  Endothelium and arteriosclerosis.  In Clinics in Haematology, Vol. 10, edited by C.R.M. Prentice.  W.B. Saunders Company Ltd., London, 1981, pp. 283-296.

Schwartz SM.  Disturbances in endothelial integrity.  In Endothelium, edited by A.P. Fishman.  Series in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 1982, pp. 228-233.

Schwartz SM, Standaert DM.  Endothelial cell turnover in rats:  Effects of angiotensin, age and chronic hypertension.  In Atherosclerosis Reviews, Vol. 9, edited by A.M. Gotto, Jr. and R. Paoletti.  Raven Press, New York, 1982, pp. 109-121.

Schwartz SM, Gajdusek CM.  Growth factors and the vessel wall.  In Progress in Hemostasis and Thrombosis, edited by T.H. Spaet.  Grune and Stratton, Inc., New York, 1982, pp. 85-112.

Schwartz SM, Reidy MA, Hansson GK.  Injury at the vascular surface.  In Fluid Dynamics as a Localizing Factor for Atherosclerosis, edited by G. Schettler, R.M. Nerem, H. Schmid-Schonbein, H. Morl, and C. Diehm.  The Proceedings of a Symposium Held at Heidelberg, FRG, June 18-20, 1982.  Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1983, pp. 188-199.

Schwartz SM, Reidy MA, Hansson GK.  Minimal denuding injury.  Proceedings from the 6th International Symposium on Atherosclerosis.  Satellite Symposium on Fluid Dynamics as a Localizing Factor for Atherosclerosis.  Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1982.

Schwartz, SM, Gajdusek CM, Owens GK.  Vessel wall growth control.  In Pathobiology of the Endothelial Cell, edited by H.L. Nossel and H.J. Vogel.  Academic Press, New York, 1982, pp. 63-78.

Schwartz SM, Gajdusek CM, Owens GK, Reidy MA.  Vessel wall:  initial growth states.  In Advances in Pharmacology and Therapeutics II, Vol. 6, edited by H. Yoshida, Y. Hagihara, and S. Ebashi.  Pergamon Press Ltd., Oxford and New York, 1982, pp. 31-38.

Schwartz SM.  Vascular integrity.  In Biologic and Synthetic Vascular Prostheses, edited by J.C. Stanley.  Grune and Stratton, Inc., New York, 1982, pp. 27-36.

Schwartz SM.  Dynamic maintenance of the endothelium.  In The Endothelial Cell -- A Pluripotent Control Cell of the Vessel Wall, edited by D.G.S. Thilo-Korner and R.I. Freshney.  Karger, Basel, 1983, pp. 113-125.

Hansson GK, Schwartz SM.  Endothelial dysfunction without cell loss.  In Biochemical Interactions at the Endothelium, edited by A. Cryer.  Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, London, 1983, pp. 343-361.

Harker LA, Schwartz SM, Ross R.   Endothelial injury and repair.  In Clinical Implications of Recent Research Results in Arteriosclerosis.  Second Munster International Arteriosclerosis Symposium.  Westdeutscher, Verlag, 1983, pp. 131-138.

Schwartz SM, Gajdusek CM.  Contact inhibition in the endothelium.  In The Biology of Endothelial Cells, edited by E.A. Jaffe.  Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Netherlands, 1984, pp. 66-73.

Gajdusek CM, Schwartz SM.  Growth requirements for bovine aortic endothelium in vitro.  In The Biology of Endothelial Cells, edited by E.A. Jaffe.  Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Netherlands, 1984, pp. 59-65.

Ross R, Schwartz SM.  Platelet-blood vessel interactions.  In Handbook of Physiology -- The Respiratory System, Vol. 1, edited by A.P. Fishman, A.B. Fisher, and S.R. Geiger.  American Physiological Society, Philadelphia, 1985, pp. 545-558.

Schwartz SM.  Proliferative responses by vessels to injury.  In Proceedings of the 7th International Atherosclerosis Symposium, Melbourne, October 6-10, 1985.  Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, 1985.

Schwartz SM.  Common mechanisms of cell proliferation in hypertension and atherosclerosis.  In Handbook of Hypertension, Vol. 7, edited by A. Zanchetti and R.C. Tarazi.  Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1986, pp. 454-464.

Gordon D, Schwartz SM.  Arterial smooth muscle differentiation.  In Vascular Smooth Muscle in Culture, Vol. 1, edited by J.H. Campbell and G.R. Campbell.  CRC Press, Inc., 1987, pp. 1-14.

Schwartz SM, Heimark RL.  Endothelial morphogenesis.  In Molecular Biology of the Arterial Wall, edited by G. Schettler.  Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1987, pp. 163-165.

Schwartz SM.  Cellular mechanisms in atherosclerosis in the vessel wall:  speculations on the role of sex.  In Coronary Heart Disease in Women:  Proceedings of a Workshop, edited by A. Kiburis.  Le Jacq Publishing Inc., New York, 1987.

Schwartz SM, Heimark RL.  Control of growth of vessel wall cells by inhibition.  In Perspectives in Inflammation, Neoplasia, and Vascular Cell Biology.  UCLA Symposium on Molecular and Cellular Biology, Vol. 37.  Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, 1987, pp. 195-205.

Benditt EP, Schwartz SM.  Blood vessels.  In Pathology, edited by E. Rubin and J.L. Farber.  J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, 1988, pp. 452-495.

Heimark RL, Schwartz SM.  The role of cell-cell interaction in the regulation of endothelial cell growth.  In The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Wound Healing, edited by R.A.F. Clark and P.M. Henson.  Plenum Press, New York, 1988, pp. 359-371.

Heimark RL, Schwartz SM.  Cellular organization of blood vessels in development and disease.  In Endothelial Cells, Vol. 2, edited by U. S. Ryan.  CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, 1988, pp. 103-119.

Heimark RL, Schwartz SM.  Endothelial morphogenesis.  In Endothelial Cell Biology, edited by N. Simionescu and M. Simionescu.  Plenum Publishing Corp., New York, 1988, 1988, pp. 123-143.

Schwartz SM, Majesky MW, Dilley RJ.  Vascular remodeling in hypertension and atherosclerosis.  In Hypertension:  Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management, Vol. 1, edited by J.H. Laragh and B.M. Brenner.  Raven Press, New York, NY, 1990, pp. 521-539.

Daemen MJAP, Lombardi DM, Bosman FT, Schwartz SM.  Mitogenic effects of angiotensin II on vascular smooth muscle cells in vivo.  In Current Advances in ACE Inhibition 2, edited by G. A. MacGregor and P.S. Sever.  Churchill-Livingstone, 1991; pp. 135-139.

Majesky MW, Schwartz SM.  Smooth muscle regeneration.  In The Development and Regenerative Potential of Cardiac Muscle, edited by J. Oberpriller, J. Oberpriller, and A. Mauro.  Harwood Academic Press, 1991, pp. 415-438.

Schwartz SM.  Vascular injury.  In Vascular Medicine:  A Textbook of Vascular Biology and Diseases, 2nd Edition, edited by J. Loscalzo, M. Creager, and V. Dzau.  Little, Brown and Company, Boston, MA, 1992.

Schwartz SM, Majesky MW, Reidy MA.  Molecular signals controlling smooth muscle proliferation in hypertension and atherosclerosis.  In  Molecular Biology of the Cardiovascular System, edited by Robert Roberts.  Blackwell Scientific Publications, Cambridge, MA.

Schwartz SM, Majesky MW.  Structure and function of the vessel wall:  Development and response to injury.  In Hemostasis and Thrombosis:  Basic Principles and Clinical Practice, edited by R.W. Colman, J. Hirsch, V.J. Marder, and E.W. Salzman.  J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, PA, 1992.

O'Brien ER, deBlois D, Schwartz SM.  A critical examination of animal models of restenosis following angioplasty.  In Intimal Hyperplasia, edited by P.B. Dobrin.  R.G. Landes, Austin, Texas, 1994, pp. 229-256.

Schwartz SM, O'Brien ER, deBlois D, Giachelli CM.  Relevance of smooth muscle replication and development to vascular disease.  In The Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell:  Molecular and Biological Responses to the Extracellular Matrix, edited by S.M. Schwartz and R.P. Mecham.  Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA, 1995, pp. 81-139.

Schwartz SM, Reidy MA.  Restenosis:  An assessment of factors important in arterial occlusion.  In Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Disease, Volume 1, edited by V. Fuster, R. Ross, and E.J. Topol.  Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, PA, 1996, pp. 701-714.

Schwartz SM.  Arterial remodeling in disease.  In Coronary Restenosis:  From Genetics to Therapeutics, edited by G.Z. Feuerstein.  Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY, 1996, pp. 5-54.

O'Brien ER, Schwartz SM.  A new view of restenosis.  In Syndromes of Atherosclerosis:  Correlations of Clinical Imaging and Pathology, edited by V. Fuster.  Futura Publishing Company, Inc., Armonk, NY, 1996, pp. 485-505.

Schwartz SM, Murry CE.  Proliferation and the monoclonal origins of atherosclerotic lesions.  In Annual Review of Medicine, Vol. 49, Chapter 29, 1998, pp 437-460.

Bennett MR, Schwartz SM.  Critical Considerations and Future Directions.  In Applications of Antisense Therapies to Restenosis, edited by LeRoy E. Rabbani, MD.  Perspectives in Antisense Science, series editor:  C.A. Stein.  The College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University.  Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, 1999, Chapter 11, pp 163-179.

Schwartz, SM.  Why Vessels Renarrow.  In Current Interventional Cardiology reports, editor, David R. Holmes, Jr.  Current Science Inc., Philadelphia, PA, vol. 1, no. 1, March, 1999, pp 51-62.

Schwartz SM.  Carotid Artery Narrowing Resulting from Atherosclerosis and Remodeling Failure. In: Ernst CB, Stanley JC, eds. Current Therapy in Vascular Surgery. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby, Inc.; 2001:1-6.

Schwartz SM, Virmani R, Rosenfeld ME.  The Role of Intimal Cells in Atherosclerosis. In: Vascular Protection, edited by Gabor M. Rubanyi, Victor J. Dzau and John P. Cooke.  Taylor and Francis, London, 2002, Chapter 14, pp 165-183.

Rosenfeld ME, Kauser K, Martin-McNulty B, Polinksy P, Nathan L, Chaudhari G, Schwartz SM, Rubanyi GM.  Differential Effects of Estrogen on the Initiation and Progression of Atherosclerotic Lesions in Hypercholesterolemic Animal Models. In: Vascular Protection, edited by Gabor M. Rubanyi, Victor J. Dzau and John P. Cooke.  Taylor and Francis, London, 2002, Chapter 21, pp 263-273.

Adams LD, Bumgarner RE, Schwartz SM. Application of Biologic Skepticism to Analysis of Expression Phenotypes. In: Proteomic and Genomic Analysis of Cardiovascular Disease. Edited by Van Eyk JE, Dunn MJ. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2003, Chapter 8, pp 127-139.

BOOKS

Schwartz SM and Mecham RP, editors.  The Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell:  Molecular and Biological Responses to the Extracellular Matrix.  Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA, 1995.

Hajjar, DP and Schwartz, SM, editors.  The Role of Herpesviruses in Atherogenesis.  Harwood Academic Publishers, 1999.